Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the amount of electronic hardware applied to the control of automotive powertrains. The increase in usage of electronic powertrain control can be attributed mainly to the increasing pressure on vehicle manufacturers to reduce fuel consumption and the tailpipe emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxides (NOx).
The only way to meet today's requirements is through the use of advanced electronic hardware/software control systems, as part of an integrated engine management system (EMS).